Cell Biology: Organelles and Functions
Eukaryotic cell organelles, their structures and functions: nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cell membrane transport.
The data
Organelles
| Name | Function | Structure | Key processes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nucleus | Stores genetic material (DNA); site of transcription and RNA processing | Double membrane (nuclear envelope) with nuclear pores; contains nucleolus |
|
| Mitochondria | ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation; cellular respiration | Double membrane; inner membrane folded into cristae; contains own circular DNA |
|
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Rough ER: protein synthesis and folding. Smooth ER: lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage | Network of membranous tubules and sacs; rough ER has ribosomes on surface |
|
| Golgi Apparatus | Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles | Stack of flattened membrane-bound cisternae (cis, medial, trans faces) |
|
| Lysosomes | Intracellular digestion; break down waste materials, damaged organelles, and engulfed pathogens | Membrane-bound vesicles containing ~60 hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases) |
|
| Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane) | Selective barrier; regulates transport in/out of cell; cell signaling and adhesion | Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins (fluid mosaic model); cholesterol for stability |
|
| Ribosomes | Protein synthesis (translation of mRNA into polypeptide chains) | Two subunits (large + small); composed of rRNA and proteins; 80S in eukaryotes, 70S in prokaryotes |
|
| Cytoskeleton | Maintains cell shape; enables cell movement; intracellular transport; cell division | Microtubules (tubulin), microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments |
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