{
    "api": "YAML JSON TOON Database",
    "version": "1.0.0",
    "format": "json",
    "dataset": {
        "id": 2331,
        "slug": "cell-biology-basics",
        "title": "Cell Biology: Organelles and Functions",
        "description": "Eukaryotic cell organelles, their structures and functions: nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cell membrane transport.",
        "summary": "The organelles of eukaryotic cells with their function, structure and key processes: nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, the cell membrane, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton, plus chloroplasts, peroxisomes, the central vacuole and the plant cell wall.",
        "use_when": [
            "You need an organelle's role and the processes it hosts.",
            "You are comparing animal and plant cell structures."
        ],
        "caveats": [
            "Not every cell has every organelle: plant cells have chloroplasts and walls, animal cells do not, and mature red blood cells lack a nucleus.",
            "Prokaryotic cells have no membrane-bound organelles; the entries describe eukaryotes."
        ],
        "related": [
            "genetics-fundamentals",
            "human-body-systems",
            "evolution-mechanisms"
        ],
        "entry_count": 12,
        "fields": [
            {
                "section": "organelles",
                "field": "name",
                "type": "string",
                "example": "Nucleus"
            },
            {
                "section": "organelles",
                "field": "function",
                "type": "string",
                "example": "Stores genetic material (DNA); site of transcri\u2026"
            },
            {
                "section": "organelles",
                "field": "structure",
                "type": "string",
                "example": "Double membrane (nuclear envelope) with nuclear\u2026"
            },
            {
                "section": "organelles",
                "field": "key_processes",
                "type": "array",
                "example": "[3 items]"
            }
        ],
        "category": "Biology",
        "category_slug": "biology",
        "tags": "biology,cell-biology,organelles,eukaryotic,mitochondria,nucleus,cell-membrane",
        "view_count": 41,
        "created_at": 1778695229,
        "updated_at": 1778695229
    },
    "data": {
        "organelles": [
            {
                "name": "Nucleus",
                "function": "Stores genetic material (DNA); site of transcription and RNA processing",
                "structure": "Double membrane (nuclear envelope) with nuclear pores; contains nucleolus",
                "key_processes": [
                    "DNA replication",
                    "Transcription",
                    "Ribosome subunit assembly in nucleolus"
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "Mitochondria",
                "function": "ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation; cellular respiration",
                "structure": "Double membrane; inner membrane folded into cristae; contains own circular DNA",
                "key_processes": [
                    "Citric acid cycle (matrix)",
                    "Electron transport chain (inner membrane)",
                    "ATP synthesis"
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)",
                "function": "Rough ER: protein synthesis and folding. Smooth ER: lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage",
                "structure": "Network of membranous tubules and sacs; rough ER has ribosomes on surface",
                "key_processes": [
                    "Protein folding (rough ER)",
                    "Lipid biosynthesis (smooth ER)",
                    "Calcium homeostasis"
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "Golgi Apparatus",
                "function": "Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles",
                "structure": "Stack of flattened membrane-bound cisternae (cis, medial, trans faces)",
                "key_processes": [
                    "Glycosylation",
                    "Protein sorting",
                    "Vesicle formation for secretion"
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "Lysosomes",
                "function": "Intracellular digestion; break down waste materials, damaged organelles, and engulfed pathogens",
                "structure": "Membrane-bound vesicles containing ~60 hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases)",
                "key_processes": [
                    "Autophagy",
                    "Phagocytosis",
                    "Programmed cell death (apoptosis)"
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)",
                "function": "Selective barrier; regulates transport in\/out of cell; cell signaling and adhesion",
                "structure": "Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins (fluid mosaic model); cholesterol for stability",
                "key_processes": [
                    "Passive diffusion",
                    "Active transport (pumps)",
                    "Receptor-mediated signaling",
                    "Endocytosis\/exocytosis"
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "Ribosomes",
                "function": "Protein synthesis (translation of mRNA into polypeptide chains)",
                "structure": "Two subunits (large + small); composed of rRNA and proteins; 80S in eukaryotes, 70S in prokaryotes",
                "key_processes": [
                    "Translation",
                    "Co-translational translocation (to ER)"
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "Cytoskeleton",
                "function": "Maintains cell shape; enables cell movement; intracellular transport; cell division",
                "structure": "Microtubules (tubulin), microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments",
                "key_processes": [
                    "Mitosis\/meiosis (spindle fibers)",
                    "Muscle contraction (actin-myosin)",
                    "Vesicle transport (kinesin\/dynein on microtubules)"
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "Chloroplasts",
                "function": "Photosynthesis: converting light energy into chemical energy stored in sugars",
                "structure": "Double membrane enclosing stacks of thylakoids (grana) in a fluid stroma; contain their own DNA and chlorophyll",
                "key_processes": [
                    "Light-dependent reactions (thylakoid membranes)",
                    "Calvin cycle (stroma)",
                    "Oxygen release from water splitting"
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "Peroxisomes",
                "function": "Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful compounds using oxidative reactions",
                "structure": "Single-membrane vesicles containing oxidative enzymes such as catalase",
                "key_processes": [
                    "Beta-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids",
                    "Hydrogen peroxide breakdown by catalase",
                    "Detoxification in liver and kidney cells"
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "Central Vacuole",
                "function": "Stores water, ions and waste, and maintains turgor pressure in plant cells",
                "structure": "Large membrane-bound sac (tonoplast) that can fill most of a mature plant cell",
                "key_processes": [
                    "Turgor pressure regulation",
                    "Storage of nutrients and pigments",
                    "Sequestering of toxic compounds"
                ]
            },
            {
                "name": "Cell Wall",
                "function": "Gives plant, fungal and bacterial cells shape and protection against bursting",
                "structure": "Rigid layer outside the cell membrane; cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, peptidoglycan in most bacteria",
                "key_processes": [
                    "Structural support",
                    "Resistance to osmotic pressure",
                    "Cell-to-cell adhesion in plant tissue"
                ]
            }
        ]
    }
}