api: YAML JSON TOON Database
version: 1.0.0
format: toon
category:
  id: 358
  slug: psychology
  name: Psychology
  description: "Psychological concepts, disorders, and theories."
  icon: cpu
  created_at: 1783090350
  dataset_count: 6
  topic:
    overview: "Psychology reference data here covers the vocabulary that gets reused in everyday reasoning: how people systematically misjudge (cognitive biases), how they bond and develop (attachment styles, Piaget's and Erikson's stages), how they learn (conditioning, observational, constructivist and cognitive-load accounts) and how they differ (the Big Five and its rivals). These are models with different evidence behind them. The Big Five and operant conditioning are heavily replicated; Freudian defense mechanisms are an influential interpretive framework rather than an experimentally settled mechanism. Knowing which is which is part of using the data well."
    key_ideas[7]{term,meaning}:
      Heuristic vs bias,A heuristic is a fast rule of thumb that usually works; a bias is the predictable error that same rule produces in some situations.
      Construct,An abstract quantity such as conscientiousness or attachment security that cannot be observed directly and is measured through questionnaires or behavior.
      Dimensional vs categorical,The Big Five scores people along continuous dimensions; attachment styles and Piaget's stages sort people into labeled types or phases. Most modern research prefers dimensions.
      Replication,Whether independent labs obtain the same result. Classic findings differ a lot in how well they have survived replication.
      Effect size,"How large an effect is, not just whether it exists. A real bias can be small enough to matter little in a given decision."
      Base rate,How common something is in the whole population; ignoring it is itself a documented bias.
      Stage theory,"A claim that development moves through ordered phases. Age ranges in stage models are typical, not fixed."
    pitfalls[4]: "Treating a framework as a diagnosis. Attachment styles, defense mechanisms and personality traits describe tendencies, not clinical categories.","Quoting prevalence or effect sizes as constants. They depend on sample, culture and measurement instrument.","Assuming Piaget's age ranges are exact. Children vary, and later research found earlier competence on some tasks than his tasks suggested.",Using 'cognitive bias' as a way to dismiss an argument instead of checking its evidence.
    agent_tips[3]: "Name the framework behind a claim (Piaget, Erikson, the Big Five, operant conditioning) so a reader can look it up and weigh it.","Describe a bias as a tendency that applies to people in general, not as a verdict on one person's reasoning.","When a dataset lists approximate prevalence, pass the 'approximate' along; do not turn it into a precise statistic."
    start_with[2]: cognitive-biases,personality-trait-models
datasets[6]{id,slug,title,description,tags,view_count,created_at,entry_count,summary}:
  2322,attachment-styles,Attachment Styles,Adult attachment styles derived from early caregiver relationships.,"psychology,attachment,relationships,development",25,1792832553,5,"The attachment categories used in adult attachment research, following the Bowlby–Ainsworth tradition, each with a short behavioral description and an approximate prevalence. Earned secure is included as the commonly cited route from insecure early experience to secure functioning."
  2337,cognitive-biases,Cognitive Biases,Common systematic patterns of deviation from rational judgment.,"psychology,biases,cognition",38,1792832553,40,"A working list of named cognitive biases, each with a one-line description of the systematic error it names. Entries cover judgment under uncertainty, memory, social perception and decision framing, so one lookup can serve a decision-review checklist or a reasoning-failure taxonomy."
  2370,defense-mechanisms,Defense Mechanisms,Psychological strategies used to manage internal conflict.,"psychology,defense,psychoanalysis",33,1792832553,20,"Defense mechanisms as described in the psychodynamic tradition that began with Freud and was systematized by Anna Freud and later clinicians: unconscious strategies for managing anxiety and conflict. Each entry is a short description of the move."
  2424,learning-theories,Learning Theories,Major theories of how humans and animals learn.,"psychology,learning,behavior",45,1792832553,17,"Major accounts of how people learn, from behaviorist conditioning through cognitive and constructivist theories to instructional models. Each entry gives the core claim in one line, which is enough to tell the theories apart and to pick the right one for a design or research question."
  2459,personality-trait-models,Personality Trait Models,"The Big Five personality traits, plus HEXACO, Eysenck and Dark Triad traits.","psychology,personality,big five,hexaco,dark triad",45,1792832553,11,"The five factors of the dominant trait model (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism), followed by traits from competing models: HEXACO's added Honesty-Humility and Emotionality, Eysenck's Psychoticism, and the Dark Triad. Rows after the first five are labeled with the model they come from."
  2495,stages-of-development,Stages of Development,"Piaget's cognitive stages, Erikson's psychosocial stages and Kohlberg's levels of moral reasoning.","psychology,development,piaget,erikson,kohlberg",40,1792832553,15,"Piaget's four stages of cognitive development, extended with Erikson's eight psychosocial stages and Kohlberg's three levels of moral reasoning. Together they give the three classic stage models side by side, each with a typical age range and a one-line description."